Batiri Lithium gba Ebun Nobel ninu Kemistri ni ọdun 2019!

Ebun Nobel 2019 ni Kemistri ni a fun John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, ati Akira Yoshino fun awọn ilowosi wọn ni aaye ti awọn batiri lithium.

Wiwo pada ni 1901-2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Ni 1901, Jacobs Henriks Vantov (Netherlands): "Ṣawari awọn ofin ti awọn kinetics kemikali ati titẹ osmotic ti ojutu."

1902, Hermann Fischer (Germany): "Ṣiṣẹ ni iṣelọpọ ti awọn sugars ati purines."

Ni 1903, Sfant August Arrhenius (Sweden): "Dabaa imọran ti ionization."

Ni 1904, Sir William Ramsey (UK): "Ṣawari awọn eroja gaasi ọlọla ni afẹfẹ ati pinnu ipo wọn ni tabili igbakọọkan ti awọn eroja."

Ni ọdun 1905, Adolf von Bayer (Germany): "Iwadi lori awọn awọ-ara Organic ati awọn agbo ogun aromatic hydrogenated ṣe igbega idagbasoke ti kemistri Organic ati ile-iṣẹ kemikali.”

Ni ọdun 1906, Henry Moissan (France): "Ṣawari ati yapa fluorine eroja, o si lo ileru ina ti a npè ni lẹhin rẹ."

1907, Edward Buchner (Germany): "Ṣiṣẹ ni Iwadi Biochemical ati Awari ti Ẹjẹ Alailowaya Alailowaya."

Ni 1908, Ernest Rutherford (UK): "Iwadi lori iyipada ti awọn eroja ati radiochemistry."

1909, Wilhelm Ostwald (Germany): "Iṣẹ iwadi lori catalysis ati awọn ilana ipilẹ ti iwọntunwọnsi kemikali ati oṣuwọn ifaseyin kemikali."

Ni 1910, Otto Wallach (Germany): "Iṣẹ aṣáájú-ọnà ni aaye ti awọn agbo ogun alicyclic ni igbega idagbasoke ti kemistri Organic ati ile-iṣẹ kemikali."

Ni ọdun 1911, Marie Curie (Poland): "Ṣawari awọn eroja ti radium ati polonium, radium ti a sọ di mimọ ati iwadi awọn ohun-ini ti nkan idaṣẹ yii ati awọn agbo ogun rẹ."

Ni ọdun 1912, Victor Grignard (Faranse): "Ṣiṣe reagent Grignard";

Paul Sabatier (France): "Ti ṣe ilana ọna hydrogenation ti awọn agbo ogun Organic ni iwaju erupẹ irin ti o dara."

Ni 1913, Alfred Werner (Switzerland): "Iwadi ti awọn asopọ atomiki ninu awọn ohun elo, paapaa ni aaye ti kemistri inorganic."

Ni 1914, Theodore William Richards (United States): "Ipinnu deede ti iwuwo atomiki ti nọmba nla ti awọn eroja kemikali."

Ni ọdun 1915, Richard Wilstedt (Germany): "Iwadii ti awọn pigments ọgbin, paapaa iwadi ti chlorophyll."

Ni ọdun 1916, ko si awọn ẹbun ti a fun.

Ni ọdun 1917, ko si awọn ẹbun ti a fun.

Ni 1918, Fritz Haber Germany "iwadi lori iṣelọpọ ti amonia lati awọn nkan ti o rọrun."

Ni ọdun 1919, ko si awọn ẹbun ti a fun.

1920, Walter Nernst (Germany): "Iwadii ti thermochemistry."

Ni 1921, Frederick Soddy (UK): "Ififunni si oye eniyan nipa awọn ohun-ini kemikali ti awọn ohun elo ipanilara, ati iwadi ti ipilẹṣẹ ati awọn ohun-ini ti isotopes."

Ni 1922, Francis Aston (UK): "Ọpọlọpọ awọn isotopes ti awọn eroja ti kii ṣe ipanilara ni a ṣe awari nipa lilo spectrometer ti o pọju, ati pe ofin ti awọn nọmba jẹ alaye."

Ni 1923, Fritz Pregel (Austria): "Ṣẹda ọna microanalysis ti awọn agbo ogun Organic."

Ni ọdun 1924, ko si awọn ẹbun ti a fun.

Ni ọdun 1925, Richard Adolf Sigmund (Germany): "Ṣiṣalaye awọn ẹda oniruuru ti awọn solusan colloidal ati ṣẹda awọn ọna itupalẹ ti o ni ibatan."

Ni 1926, Teodor Svedberg (Sweden): "Iwadi lori awọn ọna ṣiṣe ti a ti sọ di mimọ."

Ni 1927, Heinrich Otto Wieland (Germany): "Iwadi lori ilana ti bile acids ati awọn nkan ti o jọmọ."

1928, Adolf Wendaus (Germany): "Iwadi lori ilana ti awọn sitẹriọdu ati ibatan wọn pẹlu awọn vitamin."

Ni 1929, Arthur Harden (UK), Hans von Euler-Cherpin (Germany): "Awọn ẹkọ lori bakteria ti awọn sugars ati awọn enzymu bakteria."

1930, Hans Fischer (Germany): "Iwadii ti akopọ ti heme ati chlorophyll, paapaa iwadi ti iṣelọpọ ti heme."

Ni 1931, Karl Bosch (Germany), Friedrich Bergius (Germany): "Ṣiṣe ati idagbasoke imọ-ẹrọ kemikali giga-giga."

Ni 1932, Irving Lanmere (USA): "Iwadi ati Awari ti Kemistri Dada."

Ni ọdun 1933, ko si awọn ẹbun ti a fun.

Ni 1934, Harold Clayton Yuri (United States): "Ṣawari hydrogen eru."

Ni ọdun 1935, Frederic Yorio-Curie (France), Irene Yorio-Curie (France): "Ṣiṣepọ awọn eroja ipanilara tuntun."

1936, Peter Debye (Netherlands): "Oye molikula igbekale nipasẹ awọn iwadi ti dipole asiko ati awọn diffraction ti X-ray ati awọn elekitironi ni gaasi."

1937, Walter Haworth (UK): "Iwadi lori Carbohydrates ati Vitamin C";

Paul Keller (Switzerland): "Iwadi lori awọn carotenoids, flavin, Vitamin A ati Vitamin B2".

1938, Richard Kuhn (Germany): "Iwadi lori awọn carotenoids ati awọn vitamin."

Ni 1939, Adolf Butnant (Germany): "Iwadi lori awọn homonu ibalopo";

Lavoslav Ruzicka (Switzerland): "Iwadi lori polymethylene ati awọn terpenes ti o ga julọ."

Ni ọdun 1940, ko si awọn ẹbun ti a fun.

Ni ọdun 1941, ko si awọn ẹbun ti a fun.

Ni ọdun 1942, ko si awọn ẹbun ti a fun.

Ni 1943, George Dehevesi (Hungary): "Awọn isotopes ni a lo bi awọn olutọpa ninu iwadi awọn ilana kemikali."

Ni 1944, Otto Hahn (Germany): "Ṣawari awọn fission ti eru iparun."

Ni 1945, Alturi Ilmari Vertanen (Finlandi): "Iwadi ati kiikan ti ogbin ati kemistri ijẹẹmu, paapaa ọna ti ipamọ kikọ sii."

Ni 1946, James B. Sumner (USA): "A ṣe awari pe awọn enzymu le jẹ crystallized";

John Howard Northrop (United States), Wendell Meredith Stanley (United States): "Ṣetan awọn enzymu mimọ-giga ati awọn ọlọjẹ ọlọjẹ."

Ni 1947, Sir Robert Robinson (UK): "Iwadi lori awọn ọja ọgbin ti o ṣe pataki ti ibi-ara, paapaa awọn alkaloids."

Ni 1948, Arne Tisselius (Sweden): "Iwadi lori electrophoresis ati imọran adsorption, paapaa lori ẹda ti o pọju ti awọn ọlọjẹ ara."

Ni 1949, William Geok (United States): "Awọn ifunni ni aaye ti kemikali thermodynamics, paapaa iwadi awọn nkan ti o wa labẹ iwọn otutu-kekere."

Ni ọdun 1950, Otto Diels (West Germany), Kurt Alder (West Germany): "Ṣawari ati ni idagbasoke ọna iṣelọpọ diene."

Ni 1951, Edwin Macmillan (United States), Glenn Theodore Seaborg (United States): "awari awọn eroja transuranic."

Ni ọdun 1952, Archer John Porter Martin (UK), Richard Lawrence Millington Singer (UK): "Ṣiṣe chromatography ti ipin."

1953, Hermann Staudinger (West Germany): "Awọn awari iwadi ni aaye ti kemistri polymer."

1954, Linus Pauling (AMẸRIKA): "Iwadii awọn ohun-ini ti awọn ifunmọ kemikali ati ohun elo rẹ ni imudara ilana ti awọn nkan ti o nipọn.”

Ni ọdun 1955, Vincent Divinho (USA): "Iwadi lori awọn agbo ogun ti o ni sulfur ti o ni pataki biokemika, paapaa iṣelọpọ ti awọn homonu peptide fun igba akọkọ."

Ni 1956, Cyril Hinshelwood (UK) ati Nikolai Semenov (Soviet Union): "Iwadi lori ilana ti awọn aati kemikali."

1957, Alexander R. Todd (UK): "Nṣiṣẹ ninu iwadi ti nucleotides ati nucleotide coenzymes."

1958, Frederick Sanger (UK): "Awọn iwadi ti amuaradagba be ati tiwqn, paapa iwadi ti hisulini."

Ni 1959, Jaroslav Herovsky (Czech Republic): "Ṣawari ati idagbasoke ọna itupalẹ polarographic."

Ni ọdun 1960, Willard Libby (United States): "Ṣagbekalẹ ọna fun ibaṣepọ ni lilo carbon 14 isotope, eyiti o jẹ lilo pupọ ni archaeology, geology, geophysics, ati awọn ipele miiran."

1961, Melvin Calvin (United States): "Iwadi lori gbigba carbon dioxide nipasẹ awọn eweko."

Ni 1962, Max Perutz UK ati John Kendrew UK "iwadi lori ilana ti awọn ọlọjẹ ti iyipo."

1963, Carl Ziegler (West Germany), Gurio Natta (Italy): "Awọn awari iwadi ni aaye ti kemistri ati imọ-ẹrọ polymer."

Ni ọdun 1964, Dorothy Crawford Hodgkin (UK): "Lilo imọ-ẹrọ X-ray lati ṣe itupalẹ ilana ti diẹ ninu awọn ohun elo kemikali pataki."

Ni ọdun 1965, Robert Burns Woodward (AMẸRIKA): "Aṣeyọri ti o tayọ ni Iṣeduro Organic."

1966, Robert Mulliken (USA): "Iwadi ipilẹ lori awọn ifunmọ kemikali ati ilana itanna ti awọn ohun elo ti o nlo ọna orbital molikula."

Ni 1967, Manfred Eigen (West Germany), Ronald George Rayford Norris (UK), George Porter (UK): "Lilo a kukuru agbara pulse lati dọgbadọgba awọn lenu Awọn ọna ti perturbation, awọn iwadi ti ga-iyara kemikali aati."

Ni ọdun 1968, Lars Onsager (USA): "Ṣawari ibasepọ atunṣe ti a npè ni lẹhin rẹ, fifi ipilẹ fun awọn thermodynamics ti awọn ilana ti ko ni iyipada."

Ni 1969, Derek Barton (UK), Odd Hassel (Norway): "Ṣegbekale awọn Erongba ti conformation ati awọn oniwe-elo ni kemistri."

Ni ọdun 1970, Luiz Federico Leloire (Argentina): "Ṣawari awọn nucleotides suga ati ipa wọn ninu biosynthesis ti awọn carbohydrates."

1971, Gerhard Herzberg (Canada): "Iwadi lori ọna itanna ati geometry ti awọn ohun elo, paapaa awọn ipilẹṣẹ ọfẹ."

1972, Christian B. Anfinson (United States): "Iwadi lori ribonuclease, paapa awọn iwadi ti awọn ibasepọ laarin awọn oniwe-amino acid ọkọọkan ati awọn biologically lọwọ conformation";

Stanford Moore (Amẹrika), William Howard Stein (Amẹrika): “Iwadii lori ibatan laarin iṣẹ ṣiṣe kataliti ti aarin ti nṣiṣe lọwọ ti moleku ribonuclease ati ilana kemikali rẹ.”

Ni 1973, Ernst Otto Fischer (West Germany) ati Jeffrey Wilkinson (UK): "Iwadi aṣáájú-ọnà lori awọn ohun-ini kemikali ti awọn agbo-ara-ara-ara-ara, ti a tun mọ ni awọn agbo-ara sandwich."

1974, Paul Flory (USA): "Iwadi ipilẹ lori imọran ati idanwo ti kemistri ti ara polymer."

1975, John Conforth (UK): "Iwadi lori stereochemistry ti awọn aati-catalyzed enzyme."

Vladimir Prelog (Switzerland): "Iwadi lori awọn stereochemistry ti Organic moleku ati awọn aati";

1976, William Lipscomb (United States): "Iwadii ti iṣeto ti borane ṣe alaye iṣoro ti asopọ kemikali."

Ni ọdun 1977, Ilya Prigogine (Belgium): "Ififunni si awọn thermodynamics ti kii ṣe iwọntunwọnsi, paapaa ẹkọ ti ọna-ara dissipative."

Ni ọdun 1978, Peter Mitchell (UK): "Lilo ilana ilana ilana ti permeation kemikali lati ṣe alabapin si oye ti gbigbe agbara ti ibi."

Ni 1979, Herbert Brown (USA) ati Georg Wittig (Iwọ-oorun Germany): "Ti a ṣe agbekalẹ boron-ti o ni awọn agbo ogun ti o ni awọn irawọ owurọ gẹgẹbi awọn atunṣe pataki ni iṣelọpọ Organic, lẹsẹsẹ."

Ni ọdun 1980, Paul Berg (United States): "Iwadii ti biochemistry ti awọn acids nucleic, paapaa iwadi ti DNA recombinant";

Walter Gilbert (AMẸRIKA), Frederick Sanger (UK): "Awọn ọna fun Ṣiṣe ipinnu Awọn ilana ipilẹ DNA ni Awọn Acid Nucleic."

Ni 1981, Kenichi Fukui (Japan) ati Rod Hoffman (USA): "Ṣe alaye iṣẹlẹ ti awọn aati kemikali nipasẹ idagbasoke ominira ti awọn imọran."

Ni ọdun 1982, Aaron Kluger (UK): "Ṣe idagbasoke microscopy elekitironi crystal ati ki o ṣe iwadi awọn ilana ti awọn ile-iṣẹ amuaradagba-amuaradagba ti nucleic acid pẹlu pataki ti ibi-aye."

Ni 1983, Henry Taub (USA): "Iwadi lori ilana ti awọn aati gbigbe elekitironi paapaa ni awọn ile-iṣẹ irin."

Ni ọdun 1984, Robert Bruce Merrifield (AMẸRIKA): "Ṣagbekale ọna iṣelọpọ kemikali ti o lagbara-alakoso."

Ni ọdun 1985, Herbert Hauptman (United States), Jerome Carr (United States): "Awọn aṣeyọri ti o ṣe pataki julọ ni idagbasoke awọn ọna ti o taara fun ṣiṣe ipinnu ilana crystal."

Ni 1986, Dudley Hirschbach (United States), Li Yuanzhe (United States), John Charles Polanyi (Canada): "Awọn ifunni si iwadi ti ilana kainetik ti awọn aati kemikali alakọbẹrẹ."

Ni 1987, Donald Kramm (United States), Jean-Marie Lane (France), Charles Pedersen (United States): "Awọn ohun elo ti o ni idagbasoke ati ti a lo ti o lagbara ti awọn ibaraẹnisọrọ pataki-iṣayan ti o yan."

Ni 1988, John Dysenhofer (West Germany), Robert Huber (West Germany), Hartmut Michel (West Germany): "Ipinnu ti awọn onisẹpo onisẹpo mẹta ti awọn photosynthetic lenu aarin."

Ni 1989, Sydney Altman (Canada), Thomas Cech (USA): "ṣe awari awọn ohun-ini catalytic ti RNA."

Ni 1990, Elias James Corey (United States): "Ṣagbekale ẹkọ ati ilana ti iṣelọpọ Organic."

1991, Richard Ernst (Switzerland): "Ififunni si idagbasoke awọn ọna spectroscopy magnetic resonance (NMR) ti o ga."

Ni ọdun 1992, Rudolph Marcus (AMẸRIKA): "Awọn ifunni si imọran ti awọn aati gbigbe elekitironi ni awọn ọna ṣiṣe kemikali."

Ni 1993, Kelly Mullis (AMẸRIKA): "Awọn ọna iwadi kemikali ti o da lori DNA ti o ni idagbasoke ati idagbasoke iṣeduro polymerase chain (PCR)";

Michael Smith (Canada): "Awọn ọna iwadi kemikali ti o da lori DNA ti o ni idagbasoke, o si ṣe alabapin si idasile mutagenesis ti o da lori aaye oligonucleotide ati ipa pataki rẹ si idagbasoke iwadi amuaradagba."

Ni 1994, George Andrew Euler (United States): "Awọn ifunni si iwadi ti kemistri carbocation."

Ni ọdun 1995, Paul Crutzen (Netherlands), Mario Molina (AMẸRIKA), Frank Sherwood Rowland (AMẸRIKA): "Iwadi lori kemistri oju aye, paapaa iwadi lori dida ati jijẹ ozone."

1996 Robert Cole (United States), Harold Kroto (United Kingdom), Richard Smalley (United States): "Iwari fullerene."

Ni ọdun 1997, Paul Boyer (AMẸRIKA), John Walker (UK), Jens Christian Sko (Denmark): "Ṣiṣe ilana ilana katalytic enzymatic ni iṣelọpọ ti adenosine triphosphate (ATP)."

Ni ọdun 1998, Walter Cohen (USA): "ipilẹṣẹ ẹkọ iṣẹ-ṣiṣe iwuwo";

John Pope (UK): Awọn ọna iṣiro ti o dagbasoke ni kemistri kuatomu.

Ni 1999, Yamid Ziwell (Egypt): "Iwadi lori awọn ipo iyipada ti awọn aati kemikali nipa lilo spectroscopy femtosecond."

Ni 2000, Alan Haig (United States), McDelmead (United States), Hideki Shirakawa (Japan): "Ṣawari ati idagbasoke awọn polymers conductive."

Ni 2001, William Standish Knowles (US) ati Noyori Ryoji (Japan): "Iwadi lori Chiral Catalytic Hydrogenation";

Barry Sharpless (USA): "Iwadi lori Chiral Catalytic Oxidation."

Ni 2002, John Bennett Finn (USA) ati Koichi Tanaka (Japan): "Awọn ọna idagbasoke fun idanimọ ati igbekale igbekale ti ibi macromolecules, ati ki o mulẹ a asọ ti desorption ionization ọna fun ibi-spectrometry igbekale ti ibi macromolecules" ;

Kurt Wittrich (Switzerland): "Awọn ọna idagbasoke fun idanimọ ati igbekale igbekale ti awọn macromolecules ti ibi, ati iṣeto ọna kan fun itupalẹ ilana onisẹpo mẹta ti awọn macromolecules ti ibi ni ojutu nipasẹ lilo iwoye iwoye ti o ni agbara.”

Ni 2003, Peter Agre (USA): "Iwadi awọn ikanni ion ni awọn membran cell ri awọn ikanni omi";

Roderick McKinnon (United States): "Iwadi ti awọn ikanni ion ni awọn membran cell, iwadi ti iṣeto ikanni ion ati siseto."

Ni 2004, Aaron Chehanovo (Israeli), Avram Hershko (Israeli), Owen Ross (US): "Ṣawari ibajẹ amuaradagba ti o ni agbedemeji ibiquitin."

Ni 2005, Yves Chauvin (France), Robert Grubb (US), Richard Schrock (US): "Ṣagbekale awọn ọna ti metathesis ni Organic kolaginni."

Ni 2006, Roger Kornberg (USA): "Iwadi lori ipilẹ molikula ti transcription eukaryotic."

2007, Gerhard Eter (Germany): "Iwadi lori ilana kemikali ti awọn ipele ti o lagbara."

Ni 2008, Shimomura Osamu (Japan), Martin Chalfie (United States), Qian Yongjian (United States): "Ṣawari ati atunṣe amuaradagba fluorescent alawọ ewe (GFP)."

Ni 2009, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (UK), Thomas Steitz (USA), Ada Jonat (Israeli): "Iwadi lori iṣeto ati iṣẹ ti ribosomes."

2010 Richard Heck (USA), Negishi (Japan), Suzuki Akira (Japan): "Iwadi lori Palladium-catalyzed Coupling Reaction ni Organic Synthesis."

Ni 2011, Daniel Shechtman (Israel): "Awari ti quasicrystals."

Ni 2012, Robert Lefkowitz, Bryan Kebirka (United States): "Iwadi lori G protein-coupled awọn olugba."

Ni 2013, Martin Capras (United States), Michael Levitt (United Kingdom), Yale Vachel: Awọn awoṣe ti o ni iwọn pupọ ti a ṣe apẹrẹ fun awọn ọna ṣiṣe kemikali ti o nipọn.

Ni 2014, Eric Bezig (United States), Stefan W. Hull (Germany), William Esko Molnar (United States): Awọn aṣeyọri ni aaye ti Super-o ga fluorescence microscopy Achievement.

Ni 2015, Thomas Lindahl (Sweden), Paul Modric (USA), Aziz Sanjar (Tọki): Iwadi lori ilana cellular ti atunṣe DNA.

Ni 2016, Jean-Pierre Sova (France), James Fraser Stuart (UK / US), Bernard Felinga (Netherlands): Apẹrẹ ati iṣelọpọ ti awọn ẹrọ molikula.

Ni ọdun 2017, Jacques Dubochet (Switzerland), Achim Frank (Germany), Richard Henderson (UK): ṣe agbekalẹ awọn microscopes cryo-electron fun ipinnu igbekalẹ ti o ga ti awọn biomolecules ni ojutu.

Idaji awọn ẹbun 2018 ni a fun ni fun onimọ-jinlẹ Amẹrika Frances H. Arnold (Frances H. Arnold) ni idanimọ ti riri rẹ ti itankalẹ itọsọna ti awọn enzymu; idaji miiran ni a fun ni fun awọn onimo ijinlẹ sayensi Amẹrika (George P. Smith) ati onimọ ijinle sayensi British Gregory P. Winter (Gregory P. Winter) ni idaniloju Wọn ṣe akiyesi imọ-ẹrọ ifihan phage ti awọn peptides ati awọn egboogi.